Exploring the Richness of Excelsa Coffee: A Deep Dive into Genetic Variants

In our latest endeavour, we have reintroduced two distinct variants of genuine Excelsa coffee for extensive research and breeding collaboration with the Department of Agriculture Sarawak. Our primary goal is to enhance the productivity of Liberica, contributing significantly to Sarawak's dynamic coffee industry.

Over the years, there has been persistent confusion between Liberica and Excelsa coffees, particularly in the inland highlands of Sarawak. This misidentification, stemming from altitude-induced differences in density and shape, has also found its way into academic literature from neighbouring countries.

Last year's botanical analysis, drawing from over 20 samples collected across Sarawak's diverse landscapes, revealed an intriguing outcome. All samples were identified as Liberica and other unidentified coffee variants and species—no Excelsa was found. We are currently expanding our DNA research with new samples, collaborating with Kew Gardens in the UK, and intending to publish related papers later this year.

The scientific community has been engaged in an ongoing debate regarding the classification of Coffea liberica var. liberica and Coffea liberica var. excelsa. Initially regarded as separate species, some botanists later categorised them as different varieties of the same species. However, recent years have introduced a new layer of complexity as more plant scientists lean towards the belief that they are distinct species.

Setting aside genetic intricacies, the visual disparities between Liberica and Excelsa are significant, affecting growth productivity, berry, and seed morphology.

Considering planting economics and practicality in processing, their distinct forms are substantial enough that rational farmers would refrain from cultivating these two coffee types in the same area.

For a more in-depth exploration of Excelsa coffee, we recommend Dr Aaron Davis's paper in the scientific journal Nature titled "The re-emergence of Liberica coffee as a major crop plant." It provides a comprehensive analysis of the resurgence of Liberica coffee.

Stay tuned as we uncover more layers of the coffee world, delving into genetics and contributing to the evolution of Sarawak's vibrant coffee scene.